1. INTRODUCTION:

Since the beginning of time, people have looked for medicines in nature to help them get better. The World Health Organisation (WHO) says that traditional herbal treatment is the main way that higher than 80% of the world's population stays healthy. Researchers' interest in medical plants has grown a lot in the past few years. The goal of modern researchers is to find and confirm substances derived from plants that can be used to treat diseases. It is thought that about 25% of western medicines come from plants, either directly or indirectly¹.

The Madanaphala, whose formal name is Randia dumetorum Lamk, is a famous figure in the history of traditional medicine across various medical fields, it encompasses the practice of traditional Chinese medicine. TCM, an approach that considers the whole well-being of an individual, emphasises the healthy balance and integrity of the body's internal functions.² It found especially in India, China, Pakistan and some parts of Asia. It has a long history of use and plays a significant role in the medicinal practices of Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. These traditions have revered it for its many healing qualities. From ancient texts to folk cures passed down from generation to generation, Madanaphala has been at the centre of many efforts to help people who are sick. Traditional medicine has a lot of different medicines, and Madanaphala is one of the most useful ones.³ Its different parts, like the tasty fruits, the green leaves, and the mysterious roots, have been used in different ways. Traditional doctors and herbalists have both praised Madanaphala as a miracle plant that can cure all kinds of problems, whether they are digestive problems, skin problems, breathing problems, or fevers. Even though Madanaphala has a long history and is used a lot in traditional medicine, more research needs to be done to see if its health benefits are true. The gap between what people have always thought and what science has shown makes researchers and students want to learn more about how this plant works in terms of medicine. As modern science methods meet ancient knowledge, a more complex picture of Madanaphala medical value starts to take shape. Plant-based phytochemical studies reveal a wealth of bioactive compounds hidden within its leaves. Its pharmacological tapestry is made up of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and many different phenolic compounds.

These compounds suggest a number of different therapeutic routes that it might work on.

Randia dumetorum Lamk, a plant in the family Rubiaceae that is commonly known as "emetic nut," is an important part of Traditional medicine. It lives in the woods of India all the way to the Bias River in the northwest and up to 4000 feet in the outer Himalayas.⁴ The fruit is 1.8 to 4.5cm long, globose or broadly ovoid, horizontally smooth, yellowish-brown, and topped with a persistent calyx limb. The fruit has many seeds that are 0.4 to 0.6cm long, smooth, brown, compressed, and very hard (Fig. 1). According to a review of the literature, the fruit is bitter, sweet, erotic, laxative, purgative, digestive, and cooling.⁵ It gets rid of abscesses, wounds, tumours, ulcers, inflammation, skin diseases, and it kills germs. Many doctors think that the pulp of the fruit can also kill parasites, and in folk medicine, it has also been used to end pregnancy.^6,7 The bark is used to treat diarrhoea and dysentery because it makes the stomach tight. It can be taken by mouth or put on the skin as a paste for arthritis, to ease the pain of bruises and bone aches during fevers, and to break up abscesses. A water-based mixture made from the tree's root bark is used to kill insects.⁸ Researchers have already found that the root and bark of Randia Dumetorum Lamk contains a triterpene called -1-keto-3-hydroxyoleanane. Mannitol, coumarin glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, and steroids are all found in bark.⁹

Figure 1: Fruit of Randia Dumetorum Lamk.

1.1. Vernacular names:

Most people in India call it "Madanaphala," but it also goes by the following names in other languages:

Table 1: Vernacular Names of Randia dumetorum Lamk ¹⁰

S. No.	Vernacular Names
1	Hindi	Mainphala
2	Marathi	Gelphala, Madanaphala
3	Gujarati	Mindhal, Mindhol, Mindhar
4	Kannada	Mangarikai, Karigidda, Kari
5	Malayalam	Malankara, Malamkarakka
6	Punjabi	Mindhal, Rara, Manphal
7	Telugu	Mrangakaya, Mongakaya
8	Assam’s	Maen, Behmona
9	Tamil	Marukkarai
10	Urdu	Mainfal, Jauz- ulQai
11	English	Emetic nut tree
12	Kashmiri	Madanfal
13	Oria	Palova
14	Arabic	Jauzulaki, Ji jul kai.

1.2 Taxonomical classification:

Table 2: Taxonomical classification of Randia dumetorum Lamk ⁷

S. No.	Taxonomical classification
1	Kingdom	Plantae
2	Sub kingdom	Tracheobionata
3	Super division	Spermatophyta
4	Division	Magnaliophyta
5	Class	Magnoliopsida
6	Sub Class	Asteridae
7	Order	Rubiales
8	Family	Rubiaceae
9	Genus	Randia
10	Species	Dumetorum

2. Pharmacognostical Studies:

2.1 Morphology:

A big thorny shrub that loses its leaves every year and gets up to 5 metres tall. The leaves are simple, oval, wrinkled, shiny, and hairy. Flowers are white, smell nice, grow alone, and are found at the ends of short stems. The fruits are round, smooth berries with long legs that turn yellow when they're ready. A lot of seeds are squished together and stuck in the stinky, dark mush. The fruit is 1.8 to 4.5cm long, globose or broadly ovoid, horizontally ribbed or smooth, yellowish-brown, and topped with a persistent calyx limb. The fruit has many seeds that are 0.4 to 0.6cm long, compressed, smooth, brown, and very hard.^11,12

2.2 Microscopy:

2.2.1 Fruit:

The transverse section reveals that the epicarp is composed of a single layer of epidermis, which may be absent in surface view. The epidermal cells are thin-walled and have a polygonal shape. The mesocarp is a wide region consisting of thin-walled parenchymatous cells, some of which contain reddish-brown content. Numerous vascular bundles are embedded in this zone. The endocarp is stony and consists of light-yellow polygonal cells that are sclerenchymatous, varying in shape and size.

Figure 2: Microscopic examination of Randia Dumetorum Lamk.

2.2.2 Powder:

The colour of the substance is reddish-brown. When observed under a microscope, it reveals several big and irregular reddish-brown cells called sclereids, which vary in shape and size. There are also fragments of xylem arteries with reticulate thickenings, thin-walled crushed parenchymatous cells, and yellow-orange fragments of the seed coat.

2.2.3 Foreign matter:

The maximum allowable percentage for total ash is 6%, while the maximum allowable percentage for acid-insoluble ash is 0.25%. Additionally, the maximum allowable percentage for other impurities is 2%. The alcohol-soluble extractive should not exceed 19%, whereas the water-soluble extractive should not exceed 16%.¹³

2.3 Chemical constituents:

The crude saponin fraction exhibited hemolytic, molluscidial, and immunological activating actions (Planta, ed. 1990, 56, 451). Two novel triterpene saponins were extracted from fruits and identified as 3-O-[β-D-glucosyl (1-4)-β-D-glucosyl (1-3)-β-D-glucuronosyl] oleanolic acid as shown in figure 3 and 3-O-[β-D-glucosyl (1-6)-β-D-glucosyl (1-3). The compound -β-D-glucosyl (1-3)-β-Dglucuronysl) oleanolic acid was discovered in the bark and its structure was determined to be tetratriconta-12, 21-diol as shown in Fig. 4. This compound is a novel aliphatic diol-randiol. The presence of glycosides, specifically randioside A, mollisidial triterpenoid glycosides, and randianin, as well as six saponins (dumetoronins A to F), can be found in ripe fruit. The fruit pulp of Randia Dumetorum Lamk contains a kind of saponins called dumentoronin. Randianin, a hemolytic triterpenoid saponin, is derived from the fruit of R. dumetorum.^14,15

Figure 3: Structure of oleanolic acid.

Figure 4: Structure of tetratriconta-12, 21-diol.

2.4 Phytochemical Composition:

The pharmacological effectiveness of Madanaphala is closely linked to its diverse array of bioactive components, which work together synergistically to enhance its therapeutic benefits. An in-depth examination of its phytochemical makeup reveals a rich collection of biologically active ingredients, each providing evidence of its therapeutic potential.¹⁶

2.4.1 Alkaloids:

Alkaloids are widely present in plants and provide a substantial part of Madanaphala medicinal resources. These nitrogenous compounds display a wide range of biological actions, such as pain-relieving, fever-reducing, and antibacterial characteristics. Madanaphala contains alkaloids, specifically Randi quinine and randianin, which have been identified to have different pharmacological effects.

2.4.2 Flavonoids:

Madanaphala is rich in flavonoids, renowned for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These polyphenolic chemicals have the ability to remove harmful free radicals and also regulate the pathways that cause inflammation. As a result, they reduce the damage caused by oxidative stress and provide relief from inflammatory disorders. Madanaphala contains flavonoids such as quercetin, rutin, and kaempferol, which highlight its potential as a potent natural antioxidant.

2.4.3 Tannins:

Tannins, known for their astringent qualities, are abundant in Madanaphala and have a role in its pharmacological effects. These polyphenolic chemicals have antimicrobial properties by causing the precipitation of microbial proteins, which in turn inhibits the growth and proliferation of microorganisms. In addition, tannins have anti-inflammatory qualities, which enhance Madanaphala ability to treat inflammatory illnesses.

2.4.4 Saponins:

Madanaphala has a significant amount of saponins, which are amphipathic glycosides and belong to a class of bioactive chemicals. These compounds display a wide range of pharmacological actions, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. Madanaphala has been found to contain saponins, including madanins A and B, which provide intriguing insights into its pharmacological capabilities.^17,18

2.4.5 Phenolic Compounds:

Madanaphala has a wide range of phenolic chemicals, including phenolic acids and lignans, which play a vital role in its pharmacological effects. These chemicals possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer characteristics, which enhance Madanaphala therapeutic capacity in fighting against oxidative stress, inflammatory disorders, and neoplastic illnesses.^19,20

The combined interaction of these plant-based chemical components gives Madanaphala a diverse pharmacological profile, supporting its traditional use and providing a justification for its medicinal effectiveness. Nevertheless, additional investigation is necessary to clarify the exact processes by which it produces its pharmacological effects and to investigate new combinations that could improve its therapeutic capabilities.^21,22

3. Pharmacological studies:

The pharmacological profile of Madanaphala is distinguished by a wide range of therapeutic effects, many of which arise from its complex phytochemical makeup. Scientific studies on how it works in the body have revealed a range of encouraging effects, showing that it could be a viable treatment option.^23-26

3.1 Antioxidant Activity:

Madanaphala demonstrates strong antioxidant activity due to its abundant concentration of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and other antioxidants. Madanaphala counteracts the harmful effects of free radicals and prevents damage caused by oxidative stress, therefore protecting and maintaining the integrity of cells. The ability of this antioxidant to defend against diseases caused by oxidative stress also enhances overall health and well-being.^27,28

3.2 Anti-inflammatory Effects:

The methanol extracts obtained from the fruit of Randia Dumetorum Lamk were found to have various chemical elements, including glycosides, randioside A, mollisidial triterpenoid glycosides, and randianin. Additionally, six saponins, namely dumetoronins, mannitol, saponins, and coumarin glycosides, were also present. The extract successfully and considerably decreased the inflammation caused by Carrageenin in the hind paw of the rats when administered orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg.^29-30 A notable decrease in the production of granular tissue was seen. Therefore, the extract demonstrates anti-inflammatory properties at different stages of acute inflammation and in the production of granular tissue. This activity seems to be important at different stages of inflammation and in the development of granulation tissue.^31-34

3.3. Antimicrobial Activity:

Madanaphala demonstrates substantial antibacterial efficacy against a diverse array of pathogens, encompassing bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The antibacterial effectiveness of this substance is due to its many bioactive components, including tannins and saponins, which damage the membranes of microorganisms, impair their enzyme function, and interfere with their replication. Therefore, Madanaphala shows potential as a natural substitute for treating infectious disorders and controlling microbial infections. ^35,36

Figure 5: Pharmacological activity of Randia Dumetorum Lamk fruit extract.

3.4 Antidiabetic Potential:

Research has demonstrated the antidiabetic properties of Madanaphala, indicating its effectiveness in controlling blood sugar levels and enhancing insulin sensitivity. Madanaphala assists in the regulation of blood sugar levels and may be beneficial in the treatment of diabetes mellitus by modulating glucose, increasing insulin production, and inhibiting enzymes that break down carbohydrates. The therapeutic implications of this antidiabetic activity are significant for those with diabetes and those who are at risk of developing the condition.³⁷

Figure 6: Anti-diabetic Activity.

3.5 Anticancer Activity:

Madanaphala demonstrates encouraging anti-cancer efficacy against different types of cancer cells, suggesting its potential as a new chemotherapy drug. The bioactive elements of Madanaphala, including alkaloids and flavonoids, are responsible for its cytotoxic effects. These effects include the prevention of cancer cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis. Moreover, its capacity to regulate signalling pathways implicated in the advancement of cancer highlights its potential as a supplementary treatment in cancer control.^38-41

Figure 7: Anti-cancerous activity.

4. CONCLUSION:

In summary, the investigation of Randia Dumetorum Lamk. within the framework of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) presents a feasible approach to enhancing therapeutic interventions and fostering comprehensive health and well-being. The plant has been ascribed various functions in the classics. The diverse range of actions exhibited by Randia Dumetorum Lamk has been confirmed in recent studies conducted on many experimental models and even in meticulously planned clinical trials. This medicinal thorny shrub possesses several properties such as antibacterial, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, immunomodulatory, therapeutic emetic, and wound healing capabilities. Illustrate the various aspects of the plant's precision. Randia Dumetorum Lamk contains saponins, glycosides, d-mannitol, and Scopoletin, which are potentially valuable for medicinal or nutritional purposes. Traditional Chinese Medicine, which aims to restore harmonious balance inside the body, aligns well with the intricate characteristics of Randia Dumetorum Lamk. It has therapeutic promise in situations such as skin diseases, febrile conditions, inflammation, abscesses, common cold, abdominal tumours, wounds, and blood abnormalities. While there are still certain attributes that need to be examined, the most of these values have been revalidated using suitable experimental models in the recent past. This medicinal thorny shrub possesses several properties such as antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, immunomodulatory, therapeutic emetic, and wound healing capabilities.

5. CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT:

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

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Received on 08.11.2024 Revised on 18.03.2025

Accepted on 24.06.2025 Published on 01.12.2025

Available online from December 06, 2025

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2025;18(12):6119-6124.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00884

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